{"id":2765,"date":"2021-01-05T14:09:36","date_gmt":"2021-01-05T14:09:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/thematiques\/rd-defense-copy\/"},"modified":"2021-04-20T14:25:52","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T14:25:52","slug":"cooperation-europeenne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/thematiques\/cooperation-europeenne\/","title":{"rendered":"Int\u00e9gration et coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense en Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-zone\"><div class=\"tdc_zone tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\"  >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div id=\"tdi_3\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_4  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4,\r\n                .tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_4,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_6  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_6{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" ><div class=\"td_block_wrap td_block_text_with_title tdi_7 tagdiv-type td-pb-border-top texte-cache td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_7\" >\n<style>\n.td_block_template_5 .td-block-title {\r\n                font-size: 16px;\r\n                font-weight: 500;\r\n                margin-top: 0;\r\n                margin-bottom: 26px;\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n                color: var(--td_text_header_color, #000);\r\n                text-align: left;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-block-title > * {\r\n                padding: 0 12px;\r\n                border-width: 0 0 0 4px;\r\n                border-style: solid;\r\n                border-color: var(--td_header_color, var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec));\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-filter,\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-dropdown {\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n            }\r\n            @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n                .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title a {\r\n                    font-size: 15px;\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title:last-child {\r\n                border: none;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title .td-cur-simple-item {\r\n                color: var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec);\r\n            }\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_7{\nmargin-bottom:20px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.td_block_text_with_title{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 44px;\r\n                  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                  transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                }.td_block_text_with_title p:last-child{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div class=\"td-block-title-wrap\"><h4 class=\"td-block-title\"><span class=\"td-pulldown-size\">DEFENCE INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE<\/span><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"td_mod_wrap td-fix-index\"><p><strong>Putting defence cooperation in Europe on the agenda<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No defence cooperation is natural and cannot therefore be detached from the political and economic context in which it takes place. Cooperation can take place for strategic reasons (e.g. to maximise collective security), operational reasons (e.g. to increase the interoperability of armed forces), political reasons (e.g. to influence the defence policy of another Member State or even a third country) and economic reasons (e.g. to benefit from economies of scale, particularly for the industrial aspect of defence policy). What is important is that each cooperating State has an interest in it and that it makes sense.<\/p>\n<p>The main aim of our work on putting defence cooperation on the agenda is to gain a better understanding of how and from what angle this issue emerges in Europe. Our research shows that European defence cooperation has always been a volatile issue. This means that there have been periods of enthusiasm - which have, for example, enabled the institutions necessary for cooperation to be set up and made operational - and periods of stability, with little or no change, during which defence was not a particularly high priority at European level.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of France, our research shows that cooperation has become a reality for the French armed forces since the end of the Cold War. France has begun to develop a \u00abflexilateral\u00bb approach to its defence policy, contributing to numerous arrangements with one or more partners. Some of these are based on dedicated institutions - within or outside a multilateral framework - while others are more informal, or even more ad hoc. Our work here provides an overview of defence cooperation at state level, and shows how it has diversified since the 1990s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>European cooperation in MCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In a context where acquisition and maintenance costs are tending to rise, and budgets remain tightly constrained, the size of military equipment fleets (aircraft, armoured vehicles, ships) is tending to shrink in most European countries. Cooperation in MCO is an opportunity for the various European countries to contain the rise in costs (economies of scale, specialisation effects) while contributing to the construction of a Europe of defence in a bottom-up approach.<\/p>\n<p>Cooperation in support is currently supported and encouraged by the European Defence Agency and NATO. Initiatives exist and are being developed, particularly in the naval and helicopter fields. However, it is still limited due to the heterogeneity of nations' preferences, particularly for sovereign activities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Defence budgets in the EU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Our work on putting defence cooperation on Europe's agenda also raises the question of its economic benefits.<\/p>\n<p>Given the multiplicity of possible sources, making international comparisons is a difficult task: problems of scope (over time and between countries), difficulties in obtaining reliable data, choice of relevant indicators, etc.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, we need a framework for understanding the major trends in order to highlight the threats and areas of tension. In addition, the concept of \u00abdefence budget\u00bb is defined in an encyclopaedia.<\/p>\n<p>Based on international data, research has been carried out to measure the nature of budgetary imbalances within the EU under the assumption that the EU is an alliance. The results show large differences in the contributions of European countries in a number of dimensions (total budget, equipment budget, R&amp;D budget, personnel budget, troops deployed). This suggests that defence policies within EU countries are not yet integrated.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, a methodological analysis of the use of defence spending to measure power and security was proposed, to show that it is useful but insufficient for an overall understanding of these phenomena.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_button tdi_8 tdm-block-button-inline tdm-content-horiz-left td-pb-border-top bouton-ouverture td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_8\"     >\n<style>\n\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_8{\npadding-top:0px !important;\npadding-right:0px !important;\npadding-bottom:0px !important;\npadding-left:0px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdm_block.tdm_block_button{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }.tdm_block.tdm_block_button .tds-button{\r\n                  line-height: 0;\r\n                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\"10\";\nblock_tdi_18.found_posts = \"14\";\nblock_tdi_18.header_color = \"\";\nblock_tdi_18.ajax_pagination_infinite_stop = \"\";\nblock_tdi_18.max_num_pages = \"2\";\ntdBlocksArray.push(block_tdi_18);\n<\/script><div class=\"td-block-title-wrap\"><\/div><div id=\"tdi_18\" class=\"td_block_inner\">\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/implantation-de-nouvelles-entreprises-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-eva-szego-julien-malizard-et-lucie-beraud-sudreau-par-ares-group\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Setting up new defence companies in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff, Eva Szego, Julien Malizard and Lucie B\u00e9raud-Sudreau via ARES Group\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Setting up new defence companies in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff, Eva Szego, Julien Malizard and Lucie B\u00e9raud-Sudreau via ARES Group\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/ARES-logo-7-5-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/ARES-logo-7-5.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/implantation-de-nouvelles-entreprises-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-eva-szego-julien-malizard-et-lucie-beraud-sudreau-par-ares-group\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Setting up new defence companies in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff, Eva Szego, Julien Malizard and Lucie B\u00e9raud-Sudreau via ARES Group\">The establishment of new defence companies in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2026-04-15T12:08:45+00:00\" >15 April 2026<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/implantation-de-nouvelles-entreprises-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-eva-szego-julien-malizard-et-lucie-beraud-sudreau-par-ares-group\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\nJosselin Droff, Eva Szego, Julien Malizard and Lucie B\u00e9raud-Sudreau publish the article \u00abBetween legacy and emergence: the spatial integration of New Defence companies in Europe's historical defence landscape\u00bb via ARES Group, IRIS (April 2026)\r\nJosselin Droff, Eva Szego and Julien Malizard, researchers at the Economics of Defence Chair...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/implantation-de-nouvelles-entreprises-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-eva-szego-julien-malizard-et-lucie-beraud-sudreau-par-ares-group\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/new-defence-et-politique-industrielle-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-la-chiare-dans-defense-industries-revue-de-la-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"\u00abNew Defence\u00bb and defence industrial policy in Europe: publication of an article by Chiare in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, the FRS magazine\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"\u00abNew Defence\u00bb and defence industrial policy in Europe: publication of an article by Chiare in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, the FRS magazine\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DEFENSEIndustries-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DEFENSEIndustries.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/new-defence-et-politique-industrielle-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-la-chiare-dans-defense-industries-revue-de-la-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"\u00abNew Defence\u00bb and defence industrial policy in Europe: publication of an article by Chiare in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, the FRS magazine\">\u00abNew Defence\u00bb and defence industrial policy in Europe: publication of an article by...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2026-02-19T09:07:52+00:00\" >19 February 2026<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/new-defence-et-politique-industrielle-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-la-chiare-dans-defense-industries-revue-de-la-frs\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\nJosselin Droff, Lucie B\u00e9raud-Sudreau, Eva Szego, Julien Malizard ulien Malizard publishes the article \"New Defence and defence industrial policy in Europe\", in issue 22 of Defence &amp; Industries, the journal of the Foundation for Strategic Research (FRS).\r\nJosselin Droff, Eva Szego and Julien Malizard, researchers at the Chaire \u00c9conomie...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/new-defence-et-politique-industrielle-de-defense-en-europe-publication-dun-article-de-la-chiare-dans-defense-industries-revue-de-la-frs\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financer-la-defense-article-julien-malizard-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Financing defence: publication of an article by Julien Malizard in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, FRS magazine\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Financing defence: publication of an article by Julien Malizard in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, FRS magazine\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DEFENSEIndustries-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DEFENSEIndustries.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financer-la-defense-article-julien-malizard-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Financing defence: publication of an article by Julien Malizard in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, FRS magazine\">Financing defence: publication of an article by Julien Malizard in D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries,...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2025-07-17T13:27:16+00:00\" >17 July 2025<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financer-la-defense-article-julien-malizard-frs\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\nJulien Malizard publishes the article \"Financing defence: new mechanisms to overcome budgetary constraints\" in issue 21 of Defence &amp; Industries, the journal of the Foundation for Strategic Research (FRS).\r\nOn 20 March 2025, leaders from the financial sector and the defence industry came together to...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financer-la-defense-article-julien-malizard-frs\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-influence-of-strategic-procurement-on-the-performance-of-the-european-naval-defense-industry-josselin-droff-jade-guiberteau-ricard-et-julien-malizard-dans-dpe\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"\u00abThe Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau-Ricard and Julien Malizard in DPE\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"\u00abThe Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau-Ricard and Julien Malizard in DPE\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/DPE-2024-04-7-5-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/DPE-2024-04-7-5-648x470.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-influence-of-strategic-procurement-on-the-performance-of-the-european-naval-defense-industry-josselin-droff-jade-guiberteau-ricard-et-julien-malizard-dans-dpe\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"\u00abThe Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau-Ricard and Julien Malizard in DPE\">\u00abThe Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2024-09-06T18:48:39+00:00\" >6 September 2024<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-influence-of-strategic-procurement-on-the-performance-of-the-european-naval-defense-industry-josselin-droff-jade-guiberteau-ricard-et-julien-malizard-dans-dpe\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau-Ricard and Julien Malizard publish an article in the journal Defence and Peace Economics\r\n\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau-Ricard and Julien Malizard publish the article \u00abThe Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry\u00bb in the journal Defence and Peace Economics.\r\n\r\nDrawing on...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-influence-of-strategic-procurement-on-the-performance-of-the-european-naval-defense-industry-josselin-droff-jade-guiberteau-ricard-et-julien-malizard-dans-dpe\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-political-economy-of-military-aircraft-the-case-of-europe-dpe\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"\u00abThe Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau, Camille Laville, Julien Malizard and Laure No\u00ebl in DPE\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"\u00abThe Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau, Camille Laville, Julien Malizard and Laure No\u00ebl in DPE\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/DPE-2024-01-7-5-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/DPE-2024-01-7-5-648x470.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-political-economy-of-military-aircraft-the-case-of-europe-dpe\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"\u00abThe Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau, Camille Laville, Julien Malizard and Laure No\u00ebl in DPE\">\u00abThe Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe\u00bb Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau,...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2024-01-04T17:36:25+00:00\" >4 January 2024<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-political-economy-of-military-aircraft-the-case-of-europe-dpe\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    Josselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau, Camille Laville, Julien Malizard and Laure No\u00ebl publish an article in the journal Defence and Peace Economics\r\n\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff, Jade Guiberteau, Camille Laville, Julien Malizard and Laure No\u00ebl have published an article entitled \u00abThe Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe\u00bb in the journal...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/the-political-economy-of-military-aircraft-the-case-of-europe-dpe\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/augmentation-des-depenses-de-defense-en-europe-article-de-julien-malizard-pour-la-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Increasing defence spending in Europe: article by Julien Malizard for FRS\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Increasing defence spending in Europe: article by Julien Malizard for FRS\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Capture-decran-2023-06-29-144248-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Capture-decran-2023-06-29-144248-648x470.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/augmentation-des-depenses-de-defense-en-europe-article-de-julien-malizard-pour-la-frs\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Increasing defence spending in Europe: article by Julien Malizard for FRS\">Increased defence spending in Europe: article by Julien Malizard for the...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2023-06-23T12:49:49+00:00\" >23 June 2023<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/augmentation-des-depenses-de-defense-en-europe-article-de-julien-malizard-pour-la-frs\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\n\r\nJulien Malizard has published an article in the latest issue of the journal D\u00e9fense &amp; Industries, published by the Fondation pour la recherche strat\u00e9gique (FRS).\r\n\r\nEntitled \"Increasing defence spending in Europe: from rhetoric to budgetary reality\", the article follows on from Julien Malizard's contribution to the...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/augmentation-des-depenses-de-defense-en-europe-article-de-julien-malizard-pour-la-frs\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/prix-de-la-souverainete-aeronautique-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Prix de la souverainet\u00e9 a\u00e9ronautique: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in RDN\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Prix de la souverainet\u00e9 a\u00e9ronautique: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in RDN\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RDNA_HS11-7-5-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RDNA_HS11-7-5.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/prix-de-la-souverainete-aeronautique-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Prix de la souverainet\u00e9 a\u00e9ronautique: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in RDN\">Prix de la souverainet\u00e9 a\u00e9ronautique: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2023-06-16T10:38:44+00:00\" >16 June 2023<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/prix-de-la-souverainete-aeronautique-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-la-rdn\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    &nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff and Julien Malizard publish the article \"Le prix de la souverainet\u00e9 a\u00e9ronautique en Europe : une approche \u00e9conomique\" (The price of aeronautical sovereignty in Europe: an economic approach) in special issue no. 11 of the Revue D\u00e9fense Nationale (RDN), published to coincide with the 2023 Paris-Le Bourget International Air Show.\r\n\r\nThe analysis by Josselin Droff and...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/prix-de-la-souverainete-aeronautique-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-la-rdn\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/choix-strategiques-en-matiere-dacquisition-dequipements-de-defense-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-epsj\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"European countries&#039; strategic choices in defence procurement: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in EPSJ\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"European countries&#039; strategic choices in defence procurement: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in EPSJ\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-EPSJ-7-5-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo-EPSJ-7-5.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/choix-strategiques-en-matiere-dacquisition-dequipements-de-defense-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-epsj\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"European countries&#039; strategic choices in defence procurement: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in EPSJ\">European countries' strategic choices in defence equipment procurement: publication of a...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2023-05-04T07:56:54+00:00\" >4 May 2023<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/choix-strategiques-en-matiere-dacquisition-dequipements-de-defense-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-epsj\/#comments\">1<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard published the article \u00ab50 shades of procurement: the European defence trilemma in defence procurement strategies\u00bb in The Economics of Peace and Security Journal (EPSJ).\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nThe authors address the question of the choices made by European countries when it comes to procuring defence equipment, taking into account the...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/choix-strategiques-en-matiere-dacquisition-dequipements-de-defense-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-epsj\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperations-de-defense-publication-dune-etude-de-lirsem-par-friederike-richter\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Defence cooperation: Publication of an IRSEM study by Friederike Richter\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Defence cooperation: Publication of an IRSEM study by Friederike Richter\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/cr750482-q90-f75cf5_43.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/cr750482-q90-f75cf5_43.jpg\" width=\"283\" height=\"213\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperations-de-defense-publication-dune-etude-de-lirsem-par-friederike-richter\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Defence cooperation: Publication of an IRSEM study by Friederike Richter\">Defence cooperation: Publication of an IRSEM study by Friederike Richter<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2021-10-29T13:41:00+00:00\" >29 October 2021<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperations-de-defense-publication-dune-etude-de-lirsem-par-friederike-richter\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nFriederike Richter, a researcher associated with the Chair, co-directed a study by the Institut de recherche strat\u00e9gique de l'\u00c9cole militaire (IRSEM) on defence cooperation.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCamille Morel and Friederike Richter co-led an IRSEM study entitled \"Defence cooperation in the 21st century\", published in October 2021....                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperations-de-defense-publication-dune-etude-de-lirsem-par-friederike-richter\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/publication-dun-chapitre-sur-letude-de-la-mise-a-lagenda-par-friederike-richter\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Publication of a chapter on the study of scheduling by Friederike Richter\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Publication of a chapter on the study of scheduling by Friederike Richter\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/9781498750035-1-e1631008750857-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/9781498750035-1-350x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/publication-dun-chapitre-sur-letude-de-la-mise-a-lagenda-par-friederike-richter\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Publication of a chapter on the study of scheduling by Friederike Richter\">Publication of a chapter on the study of scheduling by Friederike Richter<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2021-09-07T10:14:01+00:00\" >7 September 2021<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/publication-dun-chapitre-sur-letude-de-la-mise-a-lagenda-par-friederike-richter\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nFriederike Richter, Associate Researcher at the Chair of Defence Economics - IHEDN, is co-author of a chapter in the Handbook of Public Administration.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEmiliano Grossman and Friederike Richter are the authors of the chapter \"Agenda-Setting in Comparative Perspective: Contrasting Policy-Making in France, the United Kingdom and the United States\u201d in the...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/publication-dun-chapitre-sur-letude-de-la-mise-a-lagenda-par-friederike-richter\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 --><\/div><div class=\"td_ajax_infinite\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\"> <\/div><div class=\"td-load-more-wrap td-load-more-infinite-wrap\" id=\"infinite-lm-tdi_18\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"td_ajax_load_more td_ajax_load_more_js\" aria-label=\"See more\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\">See more<i class=\"td-icon-font td-icon-menu-down\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div> <!-- .\/block --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":564,"parent":483,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2765","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Int\u00e9gration et coop\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fense en Europe - Chaire \u00c9conomie de d\u00e9fense - IHEDN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/thematiques\/cooperation-europeenne\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Int\u00e9gration et 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