{"id":759,"date":"2020-04-03T11:07:43","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T11:07:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/evenements-copy\/"},"modified":"2021-04-20T14:24:37","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T14:24:37","slug":"maintien-condition-operationnelle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/thematiques\/maintien-condition-operationnelle\/","title":{"rendered":"Maintien Condition Op\u00e9rationnelle"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-zone\"><div class=\"tdc_zone tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\"  >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div id=\"tdi_3\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_4  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4,\r\n                .tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_4,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_6  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_6{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" ><div class=\"td_block_wrap td_block_text_with_title tdi_7 tagdiv-type td-pb-border-top texte-cache td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_7\" >\n<style>\n.td_block_template_5 .td-block-title {\r\n                font-size: 16px;\r\n                font-weight: 500;\r\n                margin-top: 0;\r\n                margin-bottom: 26px;\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n                color: var(--td_text_header_color, #000);\r\n                text-align: left;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-block-title > * {\r\n                padding: 0 12px;\r\n                border-width: 0 0 0 4px;\r\n                border-style: solid;\r\n                border-color: var(--td_header_color, var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec));\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-filter,\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-dropdown {\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n            }\r\n            @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n                .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title a {\r\n                    font-size: 15px;\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title:last-child {\r\n                border: none;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title .td-cur-simple-item {\r\n                color: var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec);\r\n            }\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_7{\nmargin-bottom:20px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.td_block_text_with_title{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 44px;\r\n                  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                  transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                }.td_block_text_with_title p:last-child{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div class=\"td-block-title-wrap\"><h4 class=\"td-block-title\"><span class=\"td-pulldown-size\"> MAINTENANCE IN OPERATIONAL CONDITION (MCO)<\/span><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"td_mod_wrap td-fix-index\"><p>Maintenance in operational condition (MCO) covers all the resources (human, technical and financial), services and processes that enable defence equipment (armoured vehicle, ship, aircraft, etc.) to remain fit for use throughout its service life, right up to preparation for withdrawal from service, in order to meet the availability and activity requirements of the armed forces, branches and services (operations and operational readiness) in accordance with the provisions of operational and organic contracts. Fully enshrined in official doctrine (see, for example, the 2008 and 2013 White Papers and the 2017 Strategic Review), the MCO is now a strategic industrial function for the nation, the aim of which is to create and recreate military potential and capabilities on a cyclical basis.<\/p>\n<p>Although MCO is a complex activity, the issues facing all those involved in defence - civilian representatives of the State, the military and industry - are nonetheless relatively straightforward: budgetary constraints are tight, and costs tend to rise in line with technological developments and\/or the ageing of fleets in a context where operational demands are - and probably will remain - high.<\/p>\n<p>The challenge is to find solutions to contain or reduce costs, given the importance of these budgetary and operational constraints. MCO therefore appears to be a central and inescapable research theme in the study of defence issues, and its management depends on financial, industrial, technological and operational dimensions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Changes in MCO costs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From a budgetary point of view, scheduled equipment maintenance (EPM) appropriations (all equipment combined) represented around 14 % of the French defence budget in 2019, and just over a quarter of the budget allocated to equipment. If expenditure on labour and infrastructure is also taken into account, the share of the defence budget allocated to MCO probably exceeds 20 %. On a microeconomic level, MCO costs can represent between 35 % and 70 % of the total cost of ownership of a piece of defence equipment over its entire life cycle. The literature shows that the share of MCO in the total cost of ownership has tended to increase over the last 20 years (to a greater or lesser extent depending on the equipment).<\/p>\n<p>The factors behind this rise in costs can be grouped into three categories: factors linked to the lifecycle of equipment (ageing, obsolescence and stress on equipment in operation), generational factors (changes in military technology, technological breakthroughs) and institutional and historical factors (reforms, changes in the regulatory framework, market structures).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Geographical organisation of the MCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the ways of controlling MCO costs is to rationalise MCO management. To this end, the SIMMAD (Structure int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de maintien en condition op\u00e9rationnelle des mat\u00e9riels a\u00e9ronautiques du minist\u00e8re de la d\u00e9fense) (which became the Direction de la Maintenance A\u00e9ronautique - DMA\u00e9 in 2018) was created for aeronautical equipment, the Structure int\u00e9gr\u00e9e du maintien en condition op\u00e9rationnelle des mat\u00e9riels terrestres (SIMMT) for land equipment and the SSF for naval equipment. These administrative restructurings are leading to geographical reorganisations of the MCO function. These can be analysed in terms of the interplay of forces between, on the one hand, centripetal forces driving concentration (economies of scale, economies of agglomeration) and, on the other hand, centrifugal forces driving dispersion of activities (transport costs and strategic costs linked to the very nature of defence activities).<\/p>\n<p>This theoretical framework is a general and powerful tool for understanding the dynamics at work in the monitoring of MCO reorganisations (concentration of activities, integration of MCO activities into their regional environment, etc.). The work carried out shows that while centripetal forces are indeed at work, centrifugal forces remain strong. More generally, the weight of history and political factors also play a major role in decisions to locate defence activities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Involvement in conflicts and consequences for the MCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>MCO is an essential part of reconstituting a country's military capability, particularly when it is required to make considerable demands on its equipment during military and non-military operations (e.g. during the fight against the coronavirus, with the mobilisation of equipment for transporting casualties and medical supplies). Yet France's commitments in Opex have risen sharply since the early 2000s. The priority allocation of resources (financial, material, human) to OPEX is leading to rationing in metropolitan France and the immobilisation of equipment as a result of postponed repairs (due to a lack of manpower or postponed orders for spare parts).<\/p>\n<p>This has a knock-on effect on the training and education of troops, and therefore on the operational potential of the armed forces. In the medium to long term, the \u00abquality\u00bb of military capital (through reduced availability) and military work (through training) deteriorates.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, it is the question of the sustainability of military interventions from an industrial, operational and budgetary perspective that is raised in order to ensure the credibility of the armed forces' future intervention capabilities. Theoretical work is used to highlight and formalise the inter-temporal trade-offs between regeneration of capabilities and optimal use of forces; this work is illustrated by recent case studies in Germany, the United States, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in particular.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Technological innovation in the MCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Numerous initiatives and experiments based on the technologies underpinning the digitisation of value chains have been launched, or are in the process of being deployed, with the aim of significantly improving the way MCO tasks are carried out. These technologies cover a very broad spectrum: predictive maintenance and big data, the use of robots or drones for inspection or maintenance tasks, additive manufacturing and repair. What all these technologies have in common is that they are driving major changes in production processes and related business models, which are federated around concepts such as \u2019Industry 4.0\u00ab or the \u00bbFactory of the Future\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>A study was carried out to characterise the impact of these technologies on the organisation and implementation of MCO. In particular, the aim was to identify the practices of MCO players, both governmental and industrial, in relation to these new technologies. The results of the fieldwork show that, on the whole, the four clusters of technologies identified have potential for improving the MCO, but this potential is not perceived in the same way depending on the environment, the players interviewed and the technologies identified. These technologies remain at the heart of the practices of public and private players in the context of restructuring and modernising MCO and, more broadly, digitising value chains.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_button tdi_8 tdm-block-button-inline tdm-content-horiz-left td-pb-border-top bouton-ouverture td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_8\"     >\n<style>\n\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_8{\npadding-top:0px !important;\npadding-right:0px !important;\npadding-bottom:0px !important;\npadding-left:0px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdm_block.tdm_block_button{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }.tdm_block.tdm_block_button .tds-button{\r\n                  line-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdm_block.tdm_block_button.tdm-block-button-inline{\r\n                  display: inline-block;\r\n                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src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Strategic utility of external operations: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in Defence and Peace Economics (DPE)\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/DPE-2023-10-3.2-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/DPE-2023-10-3.2.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/utilite-strategique-des-operations-exterieures-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-defence-and-peace-economics-dpe\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Strategic utility of external operations: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien Malizard in Defence and Peace Economics (DPE)\">Strategic utility of external operations: publication of an article by Josselin Droff and Julien...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2023-10-19T13:10:31+00:00\" >19 October 2023<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/utilite-strategique-des-operations-exterieures-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-defence-and-peace-economics-dpe\/#comments\">1<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    &nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff and Julien Malizard have published an article co-authored with Olivier Schmitt (Professor at the University of Southern Denmark) in Defence and Peace Economics (DPE).\r\n\r\nEntitled \u00abWhen Military Interventions Decrease Military Power Evidence from the French Case\u00bb, the article contributes to the literature on the strategic utility of external operations by...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/utilite-strategique-des-operations-exterieures-publication-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-et-julien-malizard-dans-defence-and-peace-economics-dpe\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperation-dans-le-mco-en-europe-parution-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-defense-and-security-analysis\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Cooperation in MCO in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff in Defense and Security Analysis\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cooperation in MCO in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff in Defense and Security Analysis\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DSA-JD-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DSA-JD.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperation-dans-le-mco-en-europe-parution-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-defense-and-security-analysis\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Cooperation in MCO in Europe: publication of an article by Josselin Droff in Defense and Security Analysis\">Cooperation in MCOs in Europe: an article by Josselin Droff is published in...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2022-04-22T09:01:00+00:00\" >22 April 2022<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperation-dans-le-mco-en-europe-parution-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-defense-and-security-analysis\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nChair researcher Josselin Droff has published the article \u00abEuropean cooperation in maintaining defence equipment in operational condition: an analytical framework derived from economic geography\u00bb in the peer-reviewed journal Defence and Security Analysis.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDrawing on the fundamental concepts of economic geography, the article provides an analytical framework...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/cooperation-dans-le-mco-en-europe-parution-dun-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-defense-and-security-analysis\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/soutenabilite-des-operations-militaires-publication-dun-article-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Sustainability of military operations: publication of an article in Defence and Peace Economics\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sustainability of military operations: publication of an article in Defence and Peace Economics\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/OPEX-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/OPEX-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/soutenabilite-des-operations-militaires-publication-dun-article-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Sustainability of military operations: publication of an article in Defence and Peace Economics\">Sustainability of military operations: publication of an article in Defence and Peace Economics<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2022-03-16T10:32:00+00:00\" >16 March 2022<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/soutenabilite-des-operations-militaires-publication-dun-article-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff and Julien Malizard, Researchers at the Chair, publish an article in the journal Defence and Peace Economics, co-authored with Maxime Menuet, Associate Researcher at the Chair.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe article, entitled \u00abMilitary Operations Abroad in the Long Run: An Economic Approach\u00bb, proposes a theoretical model analysing the sustainability of military...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/soutenabilite-des-operations-militaires-publication-dun-article-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RDN-Couv-832-2-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RDN-Couv-832-2-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\">\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2020-07-02T09:09:32+00:00\" >2 July 2020<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nThe summer issue of RDN, edited by Julien Malizard, Deputy Chair, and Beno\u00eet Rademacher, Director of Armaments and Defence Economics at IRSEM, is now available for pre-order.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The health crisis linked to the Covid-19 epidemic had not been envisaged...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/saf2016_0195216-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/saf2016_0195216-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\">MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2019-04-09T00:00:00+00:00\" >9 April 2019<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \n\n\n\n\nJosselin Droff, Researcher at the Chaire \u00c9conomie de D\u00e9fense and Benoit Rademacher, Director of the Armaments and Defence Economics Department at IRSEM, have published a study entitled \"MCO 4.0. Le potentiel des technologies de l'industrie 4.0 appliqu\u00e9es au Maintien en Condition Op\u00e9rationnelle (MCO) des mat\u00e9riels de d\u00e9fense\" (study no. 65 of...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-josselin-droff-dans-management-international-sur-la-gestion-des-fuites-de-connaissances-dans-les-transferts-technologiques\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Article by Josselin Droff in Management International on managing knowledge leakage in technology transfers\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Article by Josselin Droff in Management International on managing knowledge leakage in technology transfers\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mi-324x117.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mi.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"117\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-josselin-droff-dans-management-international-sur-la-gestion-des-fuites-de-connaissances-dans-les-transferts-technologiques\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Article by Josselin Droff in Management International on managing knowledge leakage in technology transfers\">Article by Josselin Droff in Management International on managing knowledge leakage...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2019-01-17T00:00:00+00:00\" >17 January 2019<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-josselin-droff-dans-management-international-sur-la-gestion-des-fuites-de-connaissances-dans-les-transferts-technologiques\/#comments\">1<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \n\n\n\n\nJosselin Droff, a researcher at the Chair in Defence Economics, has published an article in the journal Management International. The article, written in collaboration with Damien Coadour and Renaud Bellais, is entitled \"Technology Transfer and Risks of Knowledge Leakages Through Training Activities: An Assessment in Sovereign Industries\".                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-josselin-droff-dans-management-international-sur-la-gestion-des-fuites-de-connaissances-dans-les-transferts-technologiques\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe-189x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe.jpg\" width=\"189\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\">Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-09-21T00:00:00+00:00\" >21 September 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    A special issue of French perspectives in Defence and Peace Economics\n\n \tJulien Malizard, a researcher at the Chair in Defence Economics, has coordinated a special issue of Defence and Peace Economics focusing on the case of France. All the articles are now available.\n\n\n\n \tThe journal Defence and Peace Economics...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-sommes-nous-en-guerre-o-entraygues-ed\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in \u00abSommes nous en guerre\u00bb (O. Entraygues ed.)\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in \u00abSommes nous en guerre\u00bb (O. Entraygues ed.)\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sommes_nous_en_guerre-219x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sommes_nous_en_guerre.jpg\" width=\"219\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-sommes-nous-en-guerre-o-entraygues-ed\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in \u00abSommes nous en guerre\u00bb (O. Entraygues ed.)\">Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in \u00abAre we at war?.<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-09-18T00:00:00+00:00\" >18 September 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-sommes-nous-en-guerre-o-entraygues-ed\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nA collective work\nIn \"Sommes nous en guerre\" (Are we at war?), published by UPPR \u00c9ditions, Lieutenant-Colonel Olivier Entraygues presents a collective study based on two main themes:\n\n\n \tHow do we know anything about war?\n \tWhat intellectual tools and methods are currently available to describe the \u00abphenomenon\" of war?.                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-sommes-nous-en-guerre-o-entraygues-ed\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/la-soutenabilite-des-operations-exterieures\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Sustainability of external operations\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sustainability of external operations\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/graphique-1-1-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/graphique-1-1-648x459.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/la-soutenabilite-des-operations-exterieures\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Sustainability of external operations\">Sustainability of external operations<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-08-26T00:00:00+00:00\" >26 August 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/la-soutenabilite-des-operations-exterieures\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    The sustainability of external operations\nJulien Malizard - Josselin Droff\nResearchers, Chair in Defence Economics\n \nSummary: France has been involved in a number of external operations costing over \u20ac1 billion a year for almost 10 years. An examination of the \u00abadditional costs of overseas operations\u00bb illustrates the new methods of intervention. The purpose of...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/la-soutenabilite-des-operations-exterieures\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-le-n30-des-champs-de-mars-la-releve-strategique\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in Champs de Mars No. 30 \u00abla rel\u00e8ve strat\u00e9gique\u00bb (&quot;Strategic succession&quot;)\u00bb\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in Champs de Mars No. 30 \u00abla rel\u00e8ve strat\u00e9gique\u00bb (&quot;Strategic succession&quot;)\u00bb\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/champs_de_mars_supplement-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/champs_de_mars_supplement-648x470.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-le-n30-des-champs-de-mars-la-releve-strategique\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in Champs de Mars No. 30 \u00abla rel\u00e8ve strat\u00e9gique\u00bb (&quot;Strategic succession&quot;)\u00bb\">Article by Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff in Champs de Mars No. 30...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-05-29T00:00:00+00:00\" >29 May 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-le-n30-des-champs-de-mars-la-releve-strategique\/#comments\">1<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    Julien Malizard and Josselin Droff, researchers at the Chaire \u00c9conomie de D\u00e9fense, have published an article in the special issue (no. 30) of Champs de Mars. Revue d'\u00e9tudes sur la guerre et la paix, published by Presses de Sciences Po.\nThe article is entitled \"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la soutenabilit\u00e9 des op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures\".\nIt deals with the...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-julien-malizard-et-josselin-droff-dans-le-n30-des-champs-de-mars-la-releve-strategique\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 --><\/div><div class=\"td_ajax_infinite\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\"> <\/div><div class=\"td-load-more-wrap td-load-more-infinite-wrap\" id=\"infinite-lm-tdi_18\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"td_ajax_load_more td_ajax_load_more_js\" aria-label=\"See more\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\">See more<i class=\"td-icon-font td-icon-menu-down\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div> <!-- .\/block --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":564,"parent":483,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-759","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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