{"id":764,"date":"2020-04-03T11:11:42","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T11:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/maintien-condition-operationnelle-copy\/"},"modified":"2021-04-20T14:23:39","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T14:23:39","slug":"rd-defense","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/thematiques\/rd-defense\/","title":{"rendered":"R&#038;D D\u00e9fense"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-zone\"><div class=\"tdc_zone tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\"  >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div id=\"tdi_3\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_4  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4,\r\n                .tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_4,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_6  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_6{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" ><div class=\"td_block_wrap td_block_text_with_title tdi_7 tagdiv-type td-pb-border-top texte-cache td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_7\" >\n<style>\n.td_block_template_5 .td-block-title {\r\n                font-size: 16px;\r\n                font-weight: 500;\r\n                margin-top: 0;\r\n                margin-bottom: 26px;\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n                color: var(--td_text_header_color, #000);\r\n                text-align: left;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-block-title > * {\r\n                padding: 0 12px;\r\n                border-width: 0 0 0 4px;\r\n                border-style: solid;\r\n                border-color: var(--td_header_color, var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec));\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-filter,\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-subcat-dropdown {\r\n                line-height: 25px;\r\n            }\r\n            @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n                .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title a {\r\n                    font-size: 15px;\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title:last-child {\r\n                border: none;\r\n            }\r\n            .td_block_template_5 .td-related-title .td-cur-simple-item {\r\n                color: var(--td_theme_color, #4db2ec);\r\n            }\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_7{\nmargin-bottom:20px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.td_block_text_with_title{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 44px;\r\n                  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                  transform: translateZ(0);\r\n                }.td_block_text_with_title p:last-child{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }\n<\/style><div class=\"td-block-title-wrap\"><h4 class=\"td-block-title\"><span class=\"td-pulldown-size\">R&amp;D AND INNOVATION IN THE DEFENCE SECTOR<\/span><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"td_mod_wrap td-fix-index\"><p><strong>Defence companies play an important role in the national innovation system\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>French defence companies play an important role in the national innovation system. In terms of workforce, they represent 11.3 % of the total number of companies involved in R&amp;D, but they accounted for almost a quarter of the internal R&amp;D expenditure (21.5 % of GERD) of all companies in 2009-2010. They employ 22 % of the researchers employed in French companies. Proportionally, they carry out more fundamental research and development than civil companies.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, they play a significant role in the structuring of national R&amp;D activities and in the redistribution of public funding (more than 13 % of their outsourced research is financed by public funds.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Technological duality<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An analysis of the organisation of knowledge within 26 technical systems worldwide over the period 2010-2012 clearly reveals a hierarchy in their dual potential. In descending order, these technologies include: communication systems; different types of sensors; optics and image processing; and remote guidance systems.<\/p>\n<p>More interestingly, this study tells us about the characteristics of this duality. Does it relate more to the system as a whole or to certain elements in particular? Does it allow us to explore a greater variety of technical avenues or, on the contrary, to intensify the exploitation of a dominant technological paradigm? Reproducing this type of analysis over several years would reveal trends that could be used not only by the defence industry to define its dualisation strategy, but also by the French Defence Procurement Agency (Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Armement) and the French Defence Innovation Agency (Agence de l'Innovation de D\u00e9fense) to determine the direction of their dual-use funding.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Using patent data to study knowledge production and innovation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Patent data is widely used in innovation economics. They contain a wealth of information on the identity of the applicant, their location and the knowledge contained in the innovation and the way in which it is produced. This information is validated by independent offices and qualifies the technological innovation activity of companies.<\/p>\n<p>For technological duality, these data are all the more interesting because the question of secrecy for military reasons represents only one part of patenting strategies: secrecy can remain a strategy for protecting intellectual property as in any other field of activity. Indeed, if a technology is kept secret for military or sovereignty reasons, there is no reason to study its dual potential, since the technology is intended to remain secret. The application of tools exploiting the information contained in patents would therefore appear to be just as relevant for studying knowledge flows between the defence and civilian industries as it is for studying these flows between any other industries or geographical areas, for example.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Adapting defence companies to changes in the national innovation system <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We have analysed changes in the national innovation system and their consequences for defence companies. Defence companies have had to cope with major changes in the science and technology system (increase in civilian R&amp;D, greater role for companies, new role for patents, etc.), in the research funding system (development of funding instruments, decrease in direct funding, increase in the CIR, etc.) and, more generally, in their legislative and institutional environment.<\/p>\n<p>These developments have modified the defence innovation system, but have not called into question the key role played by defence companies in the national innovation system. Whether in terms of inputs (R&amp;D investment) or outputs (innovation, patent applications), defence companies still play a very important role. They have adapted by speeding up the development of dual technologies and opening up by collaborating with the civilian sector and foreign companies.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_button tdi_8 tdm-block-button-inline tdm-content-horiz-left td-pb-border-top bouton-ouverture td_block_template_5\"  data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_8\"     >\n<style>\n\n\/* inline tdc_css att - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n.tdi_8{\npadding-top:0px !important;\npadding-right:0px !important;\npadding-bottom:0px !important;\npadding-left:0px !important;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<style>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdm_block.tdm_block_button{\r\n                  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n                }.tdm_block.tdm_block_button .tds-button{\r\n                  line-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdm_block.tdm_block_button.tdm-block-button-inline{\r\n                  display: inline-block;\r\n                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\"10\";\nblock_tdi_18.found_posts = \"14\";\nblock_tdi_18.header_color = \"\";\nblock_tdi_18.ajax_pagination_infinite_stop = \"\";\nblock_tdi_18.max_num_pages = \"2\";\ntdBlocksArray.push(block_tdi_18);\n<\/script><div class=\"td-block-title-wrap\"><\/div><div id=\"tdi_18\" class=\"td_block_inner\">\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/industrie-4-0-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-les-grands-dossiers-de-diplomatie\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Industry 4.0: article by Josselin Droff in Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Industry 4.0: article by Josselin Droff in Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/GDD70_COUV-7-5-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/GDD70_COUV-7-5-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/industrie-4-0-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-les-grands-dossiers-de-diplomatie\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Industry 4.0: article by Josselin Droff in Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie\">Industry 4.0: article by Josselin Droff in Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2022-10-20T07:34:25+00:00\" >20 October 2022<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/industrie-4-0-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-les-grands-dossiers-de-diplomatie\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore than ever, technology remains a key factor in competition between powers. This is the theme of issue 70 of Les Grands Dossiers de Diplomatie.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJosselin Droff, a researcher at the Chair, has published an article in this special issue entitled: \u00abIndustry 4.0, a new way of...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/industrie-4-0-article-de-josselin-droff-dans-les-grands-dossiers-de-diplomatie\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financement-de-la-rd-publication-dun-chapitre-de-julien-malizard-dans-louvrage-singularite-des-finances-de-la-defense-et-de-la-securite\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"R&amp;D funding: publication of a chapter by Julien Malizard in the book Singularit\u00e9 des finances de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (The Singularity of Defence and Security Finance)\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"Julien Malizard, titulaire adjoint de la Chaire \u00c9conomie de D\u00e9fense - IHEDN, est l&#039;auteur d&#039;un chapitre sur le financement de la R&amp;D issu de l&#039;ouvrage Singularit\u00e9 des finances de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, publi\u00e9 ce mois-ci par Mare &amp; Martin.\" title=\"R&amp;D funding: publication of a chapter by Julien Malizard in the book Singularit\u00e9 des finances de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (The Singularity of Defence and Security Finance)\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/couverture-singularite-financement-defense-securite-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/couverture-singularite-financement-defense-securite.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financement-de-la-rd-publication-dun-chapitre-de-julien-malizard-dans-louvrage-singularite-des-finances-de-la-defense-et-de-la-securite\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"R&amp;D funding: publication of a chapter by Julien Malizard in the book Singularit\u00e9 des finances de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (The Singularity of Defence and Security Finance)\">R&amp;D funding: publication of a chapter by Julien Malizard in the book Singularit\u00e9...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2021-03-25T09:19:31+00:00\" >25 March 2021<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financement-de-la-rd-publication-dun-chapitre-de-julien-malizard-dans-louvrage-singularite-des-finances-de-la-defense-et-de-la-securite\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nJulien Malizard, Deputy Chair of Defence Economics - IHEDN, is the author of a chapter on R&amp;D funding in the book Singularit\u00e9 des finances de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, published this month by Mare &amp; Martin.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJulien Malizard is the author of a chapter devoted...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/financement-de-la-rd-publication-dun-chapitre-de-julien-malizard-dans-louvrage-singularite-des-finances-de-la-defense-et-de-la-securite\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/autonomie-strategique-comment-apprehender-la-dimension-technologique\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Strategic autonomy: how do we deal with the technological dimension?\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Strategic autonomy: how do we deal with the technological dimension?\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/saf2016_0203747-1-1024x682-1.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/saf2016_0203747-1-1024x682-1.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/autonomie-strategique-comment-apprehender-la-dimension-technologique\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Strategic autonomy: how do we deal with the technological dimension?\">Strategic autonomy: how do we deal with the technological dimension?<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2020-07-09T14:26:55+00:00\" >9 July 2020<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/autonomie-strategique-comment-apprehender-la-dimension-technologique\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \n\n\n\n\nBy Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Meunier, researcher at the Economics of Defence Chair - IHEDN\n\n\n\nThe Covid-19 crisis has highlighted the lack of national autonomy in the production of certain essential medical goods, as we have seen in the very short term with a shortage of masks, respirators and...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/autonomie-strategique-comment-apprehender-la-dimension-technologique\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RDN-Couv-832-2-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RDN-Couv-832-2-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer issue of RDN\">\u00abDefence economics: contemporary issues\u00bb: the Chair at the centre of the summer...<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2020-07-02T09:09:32+00:00\" >2 July 2020<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nThe summer issue of RDN, edited by Julien Malizard, Deputy Chair, and Beno\u00eet Rademacher, Director of Armaments and Defence Economics at IRSEM, is now available for pre-order.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The health crisis linked to the Covid-19 epidemic had not been envisaged...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/economie-de-defense-problematiques-contemporaines-la-chaire-au-centre-du-numero-dete-de-la-rdn\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/impact-economique-de-la-defense\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Economic impact of defence\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Economic impact of defence\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/impact-\u00e9conomique-324x231.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/impact-\u00e9conomique.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"231\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/impact-economique-de-la-defense\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Economic impact of defence\">Economic impact of defence<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/bertrand\/\">Bertrand Demandre<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2020-05-27T14:49:23+00:00\" >27 May 2020<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/impact-economique-de-la-defense\/#comments\">1<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nJean Belin and Julien Malizard, Chairholder and Deputy Chairholder\n\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\n\nThe health crisis has triggered a global economic crisis. Every continent and every country has been affected. To mitigate the effects of the crisis on our economy, an economic emergency plan has been put in place in France,...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/impact-economique-de-la-defense\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/saf2016_0195216-324x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/saf2016_0195216-648x470.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition\">MCO 4.0: new technologies and maintenance in operational condition<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2019-04-09T00:00:00+00:00\" >9 April 2019<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \n\n\n\n\nJosselin Droff, Researcher at the Chaire \u00c9conomie de D\u00e9fense and Benoit Rademacher, Director of the Armaments and Defence Economics Department at IRSEM, have published a study entitled \"MCO 4.0. Le potentiel des technologies de l'industrie 4.0 appliqu\u00e9es au Maintien en Condition Op\u00e9rationnelle (MCO) des mat\u00e9riels de d\u00e9fense\" (study no. 65 of...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/mco-4-0-nouvelles-technologies-et-maintien-en-condition-operationnelle\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/participation-de-josselin-droff-a-letude-n64-de-lirsem\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Josselin Droff&#039;s contribution to IRSEM study No. 64\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Josselin Droff&#039;s contribution to IRSEM study No. 64\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cover_etude-n-64-2018-324x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cover_etude-n-64-2018-648x470.png\" width=\"324\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/participation-de-josselin-droff-a-letude-n64-de-lirsem\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Josselin Droff&#039;s contribution to IRSEM study No. 64\">Josselin Droff's contribution to IRSEM study No. 64<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2019-01-09T00:00:00+00:00\" >9 January 2019<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/participation-de-josselin-droff-a-letude-n64-de-lirsem\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \n\n\n\n\nJosselin DROFF, researcher at the Chair in Defence Economics, took part in IRSEM study No. 64, carried out by Antoine PIETRI (Doctor of Economic Sciences and researcher at IRSEM) and Beno\u00eet RADEMACHER (ICA and Director of the Armaments and Defence Economics Department at IRSEM).\n\n\n\nThe study is entitled \"Impact des nouveaux mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/participation-de-josselin-droff-a-letude-n64-de-lirsem\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe-189x235.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe.jpg\" width=\"189\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard\">Special issue of Defence and Peace Economics coordinated by Julien Malizard<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-09-21T00:00:00+00:00\" >21 September 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/#comments\">3<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    A special issue of French perspectives in Defence and Peace Economics\n\n \tJulien Malizard, a researcher at the Chair in Defence Economics, has coordinated a special issue of Defence and Peace Economics focusing on the case of France. All the articles are now available.\n\n\n\n \tThe journal Defence and Peace Economics...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/numero-special-de-defence-and-peace-economics-coordonne-par-julien-malizard\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-jean-belin-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Article by Jean Belin in Defence and Peace Economics\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Article by Jean Belin in Defence and Peace Economics\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe_2-154x235.png\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/dpe_2.png\" width=\"154\" height=\"235\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-jean-belin-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Article by Jean Belin in Defence and Peace Economics\">Article by Jean Belin in Defence and Peace Economics<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2018-05-16T00:00:00+00:00\" >16 May 2018<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-jean-belin-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    Jean Belin, Chair of Defence Economics, has published an article in the journal Defence and Peace Economics entitled \"Defence Firms Adapting to Major Changes in the French R&amp;D Funding System\". The article was written in collaboration with Marianne Guille (Universit\u00e9 Paris 2), Nathalie Lazaric (CNRS, GREDEG) and...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/article-de-jean-belin-dans-defence-and-peace-economics\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 -->\n\n\t<div class=\"td-block-span12\">\n\r\n        <div class=\"td_module_11 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack\">\r\n            <div class=\"td-module-thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/newsletter-n3-french-perspectives\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" class=\"td-image-wrap\" title=\"Newsletter no. 3: \u00abFrench Perspectives\u00bb\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUQAAADrAQMAAAArGX0KAAAAA1BMVEWurq51dlI4AAAAAXRSTlMmkutdmwAAACBJREFUaN7twTEBAAAAwiD7pzbEXmAAAAAAAAAAAACQHSaOAAGSp1GBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"\" title=\"Newsletter no. 3: \u00abFrench Perspectives\u00bb\" data-type=\"image_tag\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ecole-militaire-paris-1.jpg\" data-img-retina-url=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ecole-militaire-paris-1.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"178\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"item-details\">\r\n                <h3 class=\"entry-title td-module-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/newsletter-n3-french-perspectives\/\"  rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Newsletter no. 3: \u00abFrench Perspectives\u00bb\">Newsletter no. 3: \u00abFrench Perspectives\u00bb<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                <div class=\"td-module-meta-info\">\r\n                                        <span class=\"td-post-author-name\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/author\/dev\/\">dev<\/a> <span>-<\/span> <\/span>                    <span class=\"td-post-date\"><time class=\"entry-date updated td-module-date\" datetime=\"2016-11-24T00:00:00+00:00\" >24 November 2016<\/time><\/span>                    <span class=\"td-module-comments\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/newsletter-n3-french-perspectives\/#respond\">0<\/a><\/span>                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-excerpt\">\r\n                    \nThe Chair in Defence Economics is pleased to present the 3rd issue of its newsletter!\n\n\nThe Chair in Defence Economics is sponsoring a special issue of the journal Defence and Peace Economics, focusing on French issues and seeking to explain the causes, consequences and new ways of...                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"td-read-more\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/ecodef-ihedn.fr\/en\/newsletter-n3-french-perspectives\/\">Read more<\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        \n\t<\/div> <!-- .\/td-block-span12 --><\/div><div class=\"td_ajax_infinite\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\"> <\/div><div class=\"td-load-more-wrap td-load-more-infinite-wrap\" id=\"infinite-lm-tdi_18\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"td_ajax_load_more td_ajax_load_more_js\" aria-label=\"See more\" id=\"next-page-tdi_18\" data-td_block_id=\"tdi_18\">See more<i class=\"td-icon-font td-icon-menu-down\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div> <!-- .\/block --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":564,"parent":483,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-764","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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